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Guatemala Chronology Site of the Mayan civilization, Guatemala declared independence from Spain in 1821. It became fully independent in 1838, when the Central American Federation ended. * 1954 US-backed coup topples reformist democratic government. * 1966û1968 Counter-insurgency war; first use of "disappearances" as a terror tactic in Latin America. * 1978û1984 Highlands "pacification"; thousands flee to Mexico and USA. * 1986 President Cerezo of the PDCG becomes civilian president. * 1991 President Serrano takes over. * 1993 Fails in attempt at personal dictatorship. Flees country. Ramiro de Le≤n Carpio chosen as president.